Gynecomastia and Chest Masculinization: An Updated Comprehensive Reconstructive Algorithm

Gynecomastia is a common finding in males. Clinical aspect varies widely world populations showing peculiar hallmarks according to different body shapes reflecting personal expectations; therefore, surgical plan must be tailored on individual basis all type of patients. A total 522 patients, treated for bilateral gynecomastia from January 2007 2019, were included and reviewed this retrospective study. Considering physical status BMI, muscular trophism, hypertrophy the mammary region, nipple–areola disorder, gland skin cover consistency, four-tier classification system has been used classify deformity assess plan. In cases, subcutaneous mastectomy was performed under direct vision. No recurrence observed as well major complications such necrosis, high level satisfaction groups. breast cancer found at histological examinations Operative time ranged 25 minutes up 120 hospitalization 1 3 days. Since strictly related clinical features comprehensive reconstructive algorithm are proposed. This journal requires that authors assign evidence each article. For full description these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer Table Contents or online Instructions Authors www.springer.com/00266